Appearance of colonies microorganism Essay Example for Free

Appearance of colonies microorganism Essay VRBA |Appearance of Colonies |Microorganisms | |Red, surrounded by reddish precipitation zones, diameter1- 2 mm |Lactose-positive Enterobacteriaceae: coliform bacteria, E. coli | |Pink, pin-point colonies |Enterococci, possibly Klebsiella | |Colorless |Lactose-negative Enterobacteriaceae | CCA E. coli: dark-blue to violet colonies (Salmon-GAL and X-glucuronide reaction). Total coliforms: salmon to red colonies (Salmon-GAL reaction) and dark-blue to violet colonies (E. coli). Other Gram-negatives: colorless colonies, except for some organisms which possess ÃÆ'Ã… ¸-D-glucuronidase activity. These colonies appear light-blue to turquoise. In order to confirm E. coli, coat the dark-blue to violet colonies with a drop of KOVACS indole reagent. If the reagent turns to a cherry-red color after some seconds, a positive indole formation confirms the presence of E. coli. E. coli in Macconkey Agar MACCONKEY AGAR |Appearance of Colonies |Microorganisms | |Colorless, translucent |Salmonella, Shigella, others | |Large, red, surrounded by turbid zones |Escherichia coli | |Large, pink, mucoid |Enterobecter, Klebsiella | |Very small, opaque, isolated colonies |Enterococci, Staphylococci, and others | [pic] [pic] S. aureus in baird-parker agar BAIRD-PARKER AGAR |Appearance of colonies |Microorganisms | |Black, shiny, convex colonies 1-5 m in diameter with a narrow, white edge surrounded by a clear zone 2-5 mm |Staphylococcus aureus | |wide. Opaque rings within the clear zones only appear after 48 hours of incubation | | |Black, shiny, irregular shape. Opaque zone develop around the colonies after 24 hours. |Staphylococcus epidermidis | |Growth sometimes: | | |Very small, brown to black, no clear zones. |Micrococci | |Dark brown, dull, clear zones sometimes appear after 48 hours. |Bacillus species | |White, no clear zones. |Yeasts | [pic] P. aeruginosa in cetrimide agar [pic] [pic] Salmonella in Macconkey Agar [pic]

Competitive Advantage Essay -- essays research papers fc

Corporate Strategy "Sources of competitive advantage rarely yield added value that can be sustained over time." The following essay is going to attempt to assess the above proposition and try to find if it is possible to add value continually over a period of time. I will first discuss what competitive advantage is and what it means to a firm. Then I will explain the sources of competitive advantage and how the distinctive capabilities of a firm allow it to sustain added value. The discussion is based on a number of viewpoints from different authors who will be clearly indicated and acknowledged. I begin with explaining what competitive advantage is. So, what is Competitive Advantage? In a number of industries, the average performance of the industry is usually no better than the average performance of industries' as a whole. However particular firms or groups of firms manage to do considerably better than average. In this case, the high performing firm or sub-group has something special and difficult to imitate to offer which allows it to outperform it's rivals. Porter (1985) refers to such special assets as the firm's competitive advantage. "A firm's competitive advantage are those characteristics that allow it to do well even in the face of mediocre industry wide performance and free entry into the industry as a whole." The firm has certain capabilities which allow it to be different from the other firms in the industry. It has certain distinctive capabilities which cannot be reproduced by competitors. However, it is not enough for that characteristic to be distinctive. It is also necessary for it to be sustainable over a period of time. As Oster (1994) points out, " The key success factors in an industry are those assets that allow a firm to outperform it's rivals for a sustained period of time." Competitive advantages are always relative. For example, Sainsbury's has a very slight competitive advantage over Tesco. These firms serve similar markets and they see themselves as members of the same industry and strategic group. Tesco has a competitive advantage over Argyll. In a paired comparison one firm will have a relative competitive advantage over another. The resource based theory of the firm indicates, " If all firms in a market have the same stock of resources and capabilities, no strategy for value creation is... ...ge a firm has in the market. Word Count: 1450 words Bibliography Combined Bibliography for essay an related case study. Firm Resources & Sustained Competitive Advantage, 1991 J. Barney Foundations Of Corporate Success, 1995 J. Kay Modern Competitive Analysis, 1994 S.M. Oster Competitive Advantage, 1985 Micheal Porter Other sources: Exploring Corporate Strategy, 1989 G. Johnson & K. Scholes IBM website on the Internet, http:/www.ibm.com Newspaper articles and CD ROM Combined Word Count: 2500 words

Outline And Evaluate The Working Model Of Memory

Baddeley and Hitch proposed that memory has 4 components. The central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad and the episodic buffer. The central executive decides how to share out and direct attention to incoming information. The phonological loop can be thought of as a maintenance rehearsal mechanism for retaining verbal information. It is sub-divided into two other components, the phonological store (inner ear), which holds acoustically coded information, and the articulatory process (inner voice), which allows for sub vocal rehearsal (words you are about to say).Furthermore, the visuospatial sketchpad (inner eye) is responsible for storing visual and spatial information. In other words, it codes information in images and can create and manipulate visual and spatial images. Finally, the episodic buffer. This component takes information from different sources and integrates them together. For example, Baddeley suggested if we imagine an elephant playing ice hockey, we have to draw out images stored in long term memory and combine them into a moving image.The working memory model is good and is an improvement over the multi-store model. It demonstrates how the short term memory works because it explains how we can store information briefly and simultaneously manipulate it, for example, mental arithmetic. This shows that the model has face validity, which means that the test appears to measure what it is intended to. There is evidence to prove the existence of the phonological loop.Baddeley thought that because longer chunks of information take longer to say, this may affect how much the short term memory can hold, rather than the capacity. This is known as the word length effect and it supports the existence of a phonological loop. However, there are also arguments to suggest weaknesses of the working memory model. The main limitation is the lack of clarity about the central executive. A psychologist argued that the central executive may be more than just one system, possibly consisting of more than one component.This could make the working memory model appear reductionist because it has only been described as being unitary and over simplified. From this, it could be suggested that it is lacking in detail and is not fully reliable. Finally, much of the supporting evidence for this model was by one of the psychologists who proposed it (Baddeley). Here, assumptions could be made as to whether investigator effects play a part as Baddeley may want to prove his beliefs. This means that the supporting evidence many not always be fully reliable.

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE - 5008 Words

AFVB-RFB-SOP 8 February 2014 MEMORANDUM FOR RECORD 1. PURPOSE This SOP defines how 3rd Platoon will conduct clearing, disassembling, cleaning, inspection for serviceability, and lubricating and reassembling of the M4 and/or the M4A1 carbine on a weekly basis. 2. APPLICABILITY: 3rd Platoon, C Co, 1-36th IN, 1ST SBCT, 1ST AD 3. REFERENCES: Lubricate order (LO); STP 21–1–SMCT; TM 9–1005–319–10; and DA Form 2404, Equipment Inspection and Maintenance Worksheet. 4. RESPONSIBILITIES: Squad Leaders are responsible for their squad’s serviceability of their M4/M4A1 carbine and the ability for their squad to pass inspection by the platoon†¦show more content†¦(7) Ensure that all new personnel have a DA Form 3749 (Equipment receipt) issued to them. (8) Maintain a current Master Authorization List (MAL). (9) Ensure that all cleaning/maintenance supplies are on hand or on order. (10) Coordinate with 1SG to schedule times to conduct weapons maintenance. (11) Ensure arms room is kept is clean of debris. (12) Perform operational tests on the JSIIDS every two weeks. (13) Maintain all required documentation pertaining to the arms room (access rosters, security construction statement, inventories, JSIIDS records, security checks, daily physical count of AAE, etc). 4. ACCESS CONTROL a. Unaccompanied access by enlisted personnel of the 568th Medical Company Arms Rooms will be limited to the least number of responsible persons designated by the commander. DA FM 7281-R must be used to conduct a local files check. These persons will be authorized unaccompanied access to the arms room only after they have undergone an interview with the unit commander, enlisted records, medical records, and a local file check conducted by the Provost Marshal. b. The access roster will be prepared on memorandum format listing the names and duty positions of personnel approved for unaccompanied access. The memorandum must be signed by the unit commander and stamped approval by the Provost Marshal Office, Physical Security. c. Any of theShow MoreRelatedQuality Improvement328284 Words   |  1314 Pagestremendous value. There are four chapters in Part IV that present more advanced SPC methods. Included are the cumulative sum and exponentially weighted moving average control charts (Chapter 9), several important univariate control charts such as procedures for short production runs, autocorrelated data, and multiple stream processes (Chapter 10), multivariate process monitoring and control (Chapter 11), and feedback adjustment techniques (Chapter 12). Some of this material is at a higher level thanRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 PagesInterval for a Population Proportion 515 Activity 9.3 Verifying Signatures on a Recall Petition 516 Activity 9.4 A Meaningful Paragraph 516 Graphing Calculator Explorations 521 10 Hypothesis Testing Using a Single Sample 10.1 Hypotheses and Test Procedures 526 10.2 Errors in Hypotheses Testing 531 525 10.3 Large-Sample Hypothesis Tests for a Population Proportion 537 10.4 Hypotheses Tests for a Population Mean 550 10.5 Power and Probability of Type II Error 562 10.6 Interpreting and CommunicatingRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 Pagesnew products1 services provided, and one for bringing on board new corporate clients. There were several similarities among the three models. However, personal interests dictated the need for three methodologies, all based upon rigid policies and procedures. After a year of using three models, the company recognized it had a problem deciding how to assign the right project manager to the right project. Project managers had to be familiar with all three methodologies. The alternative, considered Read MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pages261 Employee Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 12—Other Issues in Human Resource Management . . . 267 Human Resources Policies and Procedures . . . . . . . . . 268 Career Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Plateauing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 Mentoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .