Essay on Discipline on Children - 3032 Words

Discipline can become a challenge for parents today and choosing the right method is something that parents should take very seriously. Physical punishment is one form of discipline that parents employ. In fact, most parents believe that physical punishment is an acceptable form of discipline (â€Å"The National Child Traumatic Stress Network† 1). On the other hand, there may be some people who oppose physical punishment but is this a good decision to make? In order for parents to make this decision, examining whether this is the best way to discipline a child and their welfare needs to be done. It is important to know when it is appropriate and to what extent physical punishment should be used. Some parents may not realize but the way a child†¦show more content†¦And to recognize these side effects is important in order to evaluate whether physical punishment is effective for children. Another factor to look at is to gain knowledge of children’s views on how they are disciplined by their parents. A study done on children’s view on physical punishment found out that â€Å"parents were inconsistent when delivering family discipline† (Dobbs et al 142). The children felt â€Å"inconsistent application of discipline among siblings †¦ depending on age or gender† (Dobbs et al 142). For example, if one child gets disciplined for something and the other child doesn’t, then the child who gets punished will feel less favored and create more problems. Inconsistency in discipline can confuse the child to know the parent’s expectations. The children also said that parents expect older children to â€Å"’know better’† and there were differences in how boys were punished because parents believe boys are stronger than girls (Dobbs et al 143). This is another example of inconsistent discipline. Parents need to treat their children equally regardless if they are a boy or girl, the discipline should be the same for all. This is one action that parents need to be conscious of because the children do notice them. Children mentioned that parents could be more lenient in some cases such as if there was only one child at home, having visitors or if the parents was in a good mood (Dobbs et al 143).Show MoreRelatedDiscipline And Its Effect On Children1693 Words   |  7 PagesDiscipline is an act by which children learn standards of acceptable behavior and repercussions that they can apply towards greater independence. Although verbal discipline is generally recognized as being more appropriate for children , it may also carry emotionally damaging effects if practiced irresponsibly. Physical discipline is seen to be an unacceptable solution, because of the physical and emotional risks to the child. The goal of effective discipline is to ensure acceptable and appropriateRead MorePhysical Discipline with Children1100 Words   |  4 Pagesauthor is trying to link spanking to abuse. The author`s concern about abuse is a valid one. Abuse should be reported immediately. However, any attempt to define spanking as abuse is wrong. Spanking a child is not abuse. It is an effective way of discipline that helps guide the child into becoming a respectful and responsible person. Critics have the tendency to lump child abuse and spanking together. The Chicago Tribune author is no different, writing, â€Å"This is not the kind of abuse that usually makesRead MoreDiscipline and Children: A Christian Perspective1591 Words   |  7 PagesDiscipline or Violence â€Å"Train-up a child in the way he should go; even when he is old he will not depart from it.† Proverbs 22:6 (ESV-Bible, 2001) Without doubt, many who are parents today they never had the proper instruction on how to discipline their children, and this is because they were disciplined the wrong way, since much of the discipline that they received was applied many times by neglect and even the physical abuse, and giving this as a result that they want to apply what they receivedRead MoreChildren ´s Discipline and Spanking1294 Words   |  6 Pagescommunication, and set boundaries the use of a rod would instill wisdom, instruction, and understanding in a child. Understanding the Limitations of the Teachings. Several forms of emotional damage have been associated with physical punishment in children such as confusion, aggressive behaviors, and mental illnesses. These are all signs of abuse or to be more specific a parent that did not fully understand the limitations of the biblical approach. On the other hand, are these factual claims? Not evenRead MoreChildren s Rights Or Discipline?2120 Words   |  9 PagesChildren’s Rights or Discipline? It is a Monday morning and a bit chaotic in your house as your children and yourself rush to get ready to leave for work and school. On reaching the school, there are students gathered in groups outside the school and you wonder what is wrong. Upon inquiring from your children what is going on, they say students are protesting about the principal being too harsh on them. Shaking your head in disbelief, they say their goodbyes and leave. All the way to work, your mindsRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Parental Discipline On Children1539 Words   |  7 PagesParental Discipline Introduction Paragraph 1 Lead In Parental discipline has several distinct effects on children’s lives, but at the end, all have the same objective. However, the result might be different from the expected. Every child is different and requires a different method of discipline. Physical discipline might be an option which parents might consider to put in use. B. Overview and Background: Many parents might be worried about what type of discipline is essential for their children andRead MoreParents and Children: Effective Discipline and Communication Essay872 Words   |  4 PagesParents and Children: Effective Discipline and Communication One of the biggest issues for parents to resolve has been the ways in which they discipline their child. Along with these concerns, parents and child psychologists have battled to find a solution to common problems of communication between parents and children. While many styles and methods have been used to address these issues and responsibly raise a child to adulthood, many great debates of parenthood have continued through timeRead MoreChildren Should Not Withhold Discipline From A Child845 Words   |  4 Pagesnot withhold discipline from a child; if you strike him with a rod, he will not die. If you strike him with the rod, you will save his soul from Sheol.Proverbs 23:13-14. Spanking children is used as a form of discipline if brought upon with a valid reason. Peoples opinions may very because everything has an extent it can be taken to expressly discipline. Disciplining children has been an widely controversial topic for many years as in the forms, the things used to dis cipline children, and the extentRead MoreParental Control And Discipline On Children s Adjustment909 Words   |  4 Pagesarticle is to find whether or not parental control and discipline has an effect on children’s adjustment. The authors’ hypothesis for this study was that parental behavior was the reason behind the relationship between parental inconsistency and the emotional problems that children may have, such as, aggression and depression. Methods: Data was collected from what they call a â€Å"3-wave study†. The authors studied 523 Spanish families all with children ranging from 9-13 years in the first wave (2007),Read MoreCorporal Punishment as a Means of Discipline for Children Essays2504 Words   |  11 Pagesas it relates to the discipline of children and why the topic is so controversial. The paper will state various definitions of corporal punishment as well as a brief history of punishing children with physical force. The paper will also state the alternatives and disadvantages as a discipline tool for children why corporal punishment may not be the best method of punishment for children. The paper highlights research and experiments performed with regard to punishing children as well as states statistics

The Effects of Video Game Violence - 2388 Words

When films were first created, they were not always treated as the art form that theyre known as today. They were treated as inferior to classic art forms like paintings and music. However, with time films have began to be respected as art and with that, many people analyzre the various ways they effect people. In a mirror image, video games have only been around since the early 1980s having many people believe the same thing that they did when films were first created. What follows is an analysis of how video games affect the end-user i.e. Gamer physically, mentally, socially, emotionally, and culturally. First and foremost, the effect on users physically is often the most looked at as excercise and physical activity are often the most important parts of a healthy lifestyle. There are several negative physical reactions to vidoe game usage, most of which are rare, while others are exteremly common and dangerous. The amount of occurence is often times hard to determine as their are many different factors that can cause certain problems to development, some are identical or coexist with the actual act of playing video games, causing many similiar issues to develop. One of the first physical problems discovered from using video games were epilectic siezures. Mostly caused by a combination of sleep deprivation, flashing lights, and rapid eye movement, many people in the first generation of video game consoles suffered epiliptec seizures causing many medical officialsShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of Video Games and Violence 1169 Words   |  5 Pagescentury, video games have become quite an attraction among people of all ages and culture. A statistic showed that the age bracket for video gaming ranges from eight to forty year olds (Baran, 2012). With the (moving ahead or up) of technology, video games also have (moving ahead or up) in its interest in whats lifelike and real and (types of writing or art). The technologies allowed video games to become very fancy (or smart) and realistic. This type of (moving ahead or up) had brought the Video gamingRead MoreThe Effects of Video Games on Violence1642 Words   |  7 PagesVideo game violence has remained a controversy for numerous years. With the advancement of technology, video games have progressed in its practicality and genres. Technology has allowed video games to become very sophisticated and lifelike. This development has brought video games to a multi-billion dollar industry. Nevertheless, with the level of practicality, there are also negative affects to humanity. Since the manufacture of violent video games, there has been a constant quarrel whether or notRead MoreVideo Games And Its Effect On Violence1926 Words   |  8 PagesVideo Game Violence has been a controversial topic for many years, dating back to even the most simple classic video games like Ms. Pac-Man, Centipede and Space Invaders, eventually pushing into more modern games like Grand Theft Auto V and Call of Duty: Black Ops. This investigation attempts to expand and analyze the idea that due to the historical trend of video game violence being accused of blame for seemingly related violent events, some of the research may be faulty. The way we look at videoRead MoreViolence And Violence : The Negative Effects Of Video Games1250 Words   |  5 PagesVideo games are a part of mostly everybody’s life, whether it be on their phone, a handheld gaming device, or on a console and tv setup. Not all of the games are made for toddlers or children under 13, so it’s safe to say that there are some that can be on the heavier side with the gore and explicit content. These games can get brutal and â€Å"Grand Theft Auto† is definitely one of those games that can get to be too much for some people. â€Å"Grand Theft Auto† has negative effects on the society becauseRead MoreVideo Game Violence And Its Effects On Gamers1205 Words   |  5 PagesVideo Game Violence and its effects on Gam ers In recent years there has been a significant increase of shooting incidents, specifically in America. When there is a shooting event the media is quick to question if the suspect had a history of playing violent video games. There is already the initial connection between video game violence and aggression; but is this connection scientifically correct? This topic interests me because of the increase in school shootings and violence. I have personallyRead MoreThe Effects Of Video Game Violence On Children1348 Words   |  6 Pagesone similar. With such tragedies that have taken place and fear of violence growing, Scientists believe relationships develop between video game violence as well as aggression among young children up to young adults, yet so many other teeming other daily factors are linked to the violence instead of videogames. Studies performed by scientists, psychologists, along with doctors worldwide to examine whether the violence in videogames has a direct relationship to the outbreak of aggressionRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Violence In Video Games1145 Words   |  5 PagesSince the beginning of the video game industry, violence has been a huge factor in the entertainment aspect. Even the more subtle, friendly games like Super Mario Bros. are full of underlying violence such as having to kill small and sometimes large creatures to advance the game. The most popular games among children and teens today happen to be the more gory, dark, and killing heavy games. These games almost always have very toxic communities full of people who love to scream at other players forRead MoreResearch on the Effects of Violence in Video Games2397 Words   |  10 PagesVideo gaming is mostly associated with consoles such as the Xbox and Playstation, however, wireless technology and handheld devices are pro ducing more and more gaming applications making such an activity further accessible to those who may not perceive themselves as an ‘avid gamer’. Much research into video gaming has focused on aggression and violence; see (Bandura, 1977; Graybill, Strawniak, Hunter O’Leary, 1987; Scott, 1995; Silvern Williamson, 1987; Zillmann, 1983). Research into the effectsRead MoreThe Effects Of Television And Video Game Violence On Children899 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction The following paper will examine the negative effects of television and video game violence on children who watch and play these games. Speculation as to the causes of the recent mass shootings in American schools and other public places motivated me to pay more attention to violence on television and in video games and write this paper. Most of these horrible attacks on innocent people occurred by a teenager or young adult. Flipping through television channels, I started payingRead MoreThe Violence of Video Games and the Effect It Have On Society811 Words   |  4 PagesThe Violence of Video Games and the Effect It Have On Society In today world video games have come along way since the birth of game consoles, with such games as Pac Man, Donkey Kong, and Frogger. Not only have the graphics done a complete three hundred and sixty degrees turn but the violence has also on video games. There have been many people discussing on the topic of video games that have violence and the effect it has on kids. It brings out more aggression on kids that play those types

Lactose Intolerance Free Essays

An inability to digest lactose and foods containing it is called lactose intolerance (milk intolerance, lactase deficiency or dairy product intolerance). Lactose is the main sugar of Milk and milk products. An enzyme called lactase is found in the interstitial cells of small intestine. We will write a custom essay sample on Lactose Intolerance or any similar topic only for you Order Now Lactase acts on lactose to break down it into simpler forms, glucose and galactose. In simpler forms sugar is easily absorbed from the walls of intestine into the blood arteries. This disease is caused due to the abnormal functioning of digestive system. Due to the deficiency of the enzyme lactase, lactose remains indigestable and hence a person may suffer a discomfort after ingesting milk or dairy product, swelling in the stomach, mild to severe diarrhea, nausea, cramps, or gas problem and bloating. Symptoms may appear immediately or any time after 2 hrs of ingestion of milk or dairy products. Tolerance in a person depends on physiological factors In primary lactase deficiency lactase is produced in too small amount that the person is unaware of this deficiency till he reaches an older age. Secondary lactase deficiency results from injury to the small intestine done due to some other diseases like Crohn’s diseases and inflammatory bowel diseases. Primary lactase deficiency is found to be linked to genetic malfunctioning. Different tests are used by the doctor to identify this deficiency. For example, stool acidity test, hydrogen breath test and lactose tolerance test. There is no specific treatment for this disease. However, symptoms can be monitored and controlled by providing preventive diet. A specific diet lacking lactose is given to the patient in order to avoid occurrence of the symptoms. Using certain medicines and drops for the digestion of lactose helps a lot. The patient may start calcium supplements as an alternative for dairy products. References http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/lactoseintolerance/ Â   How to cite Lactose Intolerance, Essay examples

How to throw the perfect party free essay sample

People these days seem to be overwhelmed with pressure and stress. The most common way to relieve this stress is through relaxing and sleeping. Throwing a great party would be a great way to relieve it than any other common hobby. Planning the perfect party is a talent that is like no other. It certainly takes some time and preparation to have a flawless function. Not many people get to plan and organize a great party, because it does require some experience and skill. These guidelines can help you organize a great party. Having the perfect party is challenging when there is no prior preparation .The steps that will be used in these instructions, will guide the party planner on what will be needed to do for preparation prior to the party. The first step would be to find a venue to which will accommodate your party .Picking a venue should be based upon how many people are going to be present at the function. We will write a custom essay sample on How to throw the perfect party or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If it would be a smaller get-together, then a small room would be adequate. If a larger function is what is needed, then choose a larger place to accommodate for the party guest. You should also fill up the venue with chairs and tables, assuming that a catered dinner is to be planned for. If you are not planning to have a dinner, then the right amount of chairs and tables would do just fine. The second step is to create a nice atmosphere and theme suitable for the party. Having a theme is an important factor in having the perfect party. Achieving a great ambience, you would need to style the venue accordingly to the theme you are trying to shoot for. If you’re really trying to emphasize a great theme then you should buy or use decorations that are related to the theme. Do not decorate too much or the venue would look like a disaster and become tacky. A nice trick would be to place a cloth, which would pertain to the theme, over the lamps to give the room a good vibe. If you don’t have a theme present, simple lighting and decorations will do just fine. The third step would be picking which music preference is suitable for the occasion. The Music plays a significant part in the party since it sets the vibe, the moods and the flow of the occasion. When you are looking for the right music, consider what kind of crowd you are expecting. You certainly don’t want to have music that everyone is not accustomed to, it could become a disaster. If used right, the music could play a role in making a party more memorable and enhance the mood in the room. The fourth step would be to prepare all the courses of food that will be served during your party. Depending on what the occasion is, the food should be enough for the guests. Preferably, there should not be any leftovers. If it is a meal party, then full meals can be served. If it is just a short get-together appetizers and snacks will satisfy the crowd. Always make sure to take note of the ingredients of the food to avoid allergy issues. Additionally, a good way to spice the party up is playing games. It is great entertainment and very enjoyable for guest. Having icebreakers could be done at the beginning to warm things up. Icebreakers is a great way to make guest more comfortable to meet and talk to others. Games are recommended for acquaintance parties or any people who are complete strangers to one another. Parties are a part of life. It brings excitement into any kind of day you are having. Since it is interactive, people get to meet new friends. If you’re already acquainted, you can get to know each other better. A party could be done anywhere, anytime but overall, t he memories your guest had will stay with them forever.

British Literature Lesson 1 Literary terms Flashcard

British Literature Lesson 1 Literary terms

Goverance Principles IRAC Brief Example

Goverance Principles IRAC Brief Example Goverance Principles IRAC Brief – Coursework Example Issue Should the industrial attempts to compromise compliance provisions on environmental care standards that help reducesoot pollution from power plants be considered legal?RulingA legal case from a current event that has taken place within the past 2 years is that where an appeals court in Washington DC on the 11, March 2014 upheld power plants soot compliance regulations. This followed an attempt to weaken the provisions for compliance with the environmental standards that aim to reduce the pollution by soot from power plants. The governance principle of regulatory requirement involves rules that require the power plants to use procedures that are low cost in ensuring effective working of their technologies for pollution control. Additionally, the principles involve conducting a capacity testing to confirm a firm’s compliance. The courts’ ruling provides confidence that the standards on pollution are to be met (Environmental Defence Fund, 1). Application Methods for managing legal risk arising from regulatory compliance issues include the following: first, evaluating the alternative as well as the non regulatory responses to the risks and selecting among from them. Second, setting of risks tolerance, identifying the risks potential and manages as well as mitigate the risks within the organizations (Sparrow, 21). These methods when carried out will come in hand in managing the legal risk arising from regulatory compliance issues.ConclusionRegulatory compliance refers to adherence to law, regulations, specifications and guidelines by an organization, that are relevant to the business carried out by it. As such, violation of these regulatory requirements often results in to federal fines or legal punishments against the organization (Sparrow, 3).Work cited Environmental Defence Fund. "Appeals Court Upholds Soot Compliance Regulations for Power Plants." edf.org/. 27 June 2015 .Sparrow, Malcolm K.  The regulatory craft: Controlling risks, solving problems, and managing compliance. Brookings Institution Press, 2011.

Gerontological Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Gerontological Case Study - Essay Example Dis-engagements make them withdrawn from their social environment. This withdrawal may be by choice or forced. If it is forced individual feels hopeless about future may develop depressive pathology. Health-Perception & Health Management: 66 years old retired male contacted to the psychiatrist as an outpatient. Since last six months he was feeling unwell. His chief complaints were- feeling of sadness most of the time, palpitation, loss of appetite, unable to enjoy pleasurable activities, lack of sleep, depressed mood persist about half of the time, decreased will to share/ interact with almost every time. Before consultation to psychiatric OPD (Out patient Door) the client has contacted physician and other specialists' viz., cardiologists, neurologists etc. He also has gone through different medical examination but except arthritis he has not having any organic dysfunction. When he became fade up with medications, he asked to his consultant doctor about his illness, the doctor advised/ suggested him to contact a psychiatrist and psychologist both for the betterment of his mental health. He admitted that his problem is more mental than physical, but due to social stigma initially he avoided to contact a mental health professional. The client was puzzled about his illness as his problem was affecting his daily routine activities badly. He as well as the informant (his wife) was complaining that he is slowed up in his daily activities, can't be able to concentrate in most of his activities. He was feeling that life is not worth living. He was taking an antidepressant, but was unable to manage and follow the routine activities to maintain his health. No current history of alcohol use but use to enjoy beetle nut with tobacco. Nutritional Metabolic Pattern: As described earlier that due to loss of appetite, his diet was poor. He used to take less diet, as he doesn't have the feeling of hunger. Since last six months gradually his diet deteriorated and very often he skip his meal. Elimination Pattern: Initially he didn't complain any of the bowel/ bladder change. But in the second session he came with complain that he feels frequent urination as compare his early age. Due to this frequent urination he has to get up many times in night that obviously disturbs his sleep and make him worried about his health status. Till now he was not having any history of use of any devices/ aid for bladder pattern. Activity / Exercise Pattern: As the patient was already complaining that he is overwhelmed with his routine activities, he was not able to correspond actively with his day-to-day activities. His wife said that even for brushing/ bathing she has to take some strict actions Otherwise he use to laid down on the bed saying "I'll do' Please leave me alone." Sometimes forcefully he use to do his exercises like: walking and deep breathing but not regularly. Sleep/ Rest Pattern: His sleep pattern is also disturbed in comparison to normal days. Presently the patient actual need for sleep is decreased, and having disturbed sleep. When he was at work (before retirement) he was having a sound sleep. Although most of the time he feels to be on bed but complaining that he cannot sleep properly. His sleep is not refreshing enough. For his sleep initially he tried some relaxation exercise

A critical evaluation of a the Carrier Bag Levy introduced in Northern Essay

A critical evaluation of a the Carrier Bag Levy introduced in Northern Ireland - Essay Example On the other hand, exceptions to the levy include for the purposes of containing food for takeout, non-packaged foodstsuffs, some medicines, goods that have been contaminated by soil, and sharp implements such as knives and razor blades, among others. The proceeds are intended to be funneled into environmental and public good uses. Plans include increasing the levy to as much as 10p per bag, owing to the success of the levy in drastically reducing the use of plastic bags on the retailer level, with estimates of up to 80 percent in bag use reduction (Invest Northern Ireland 2014; BBC 2013; BBC 2013b; BBC 2013c; Department of the Environment Northern Ireland 2014; Clark 2014; NIDirect Government Services 2013). Washington State in the United States is noteworthy for having imposed a plastic bag tax four years prior, to the tune of 5 US cents per plastic bag, and while government claims a 60 percent reduction in plastic bags used, contrary figures indicate that plastic bag use has swell ed, as evidenced by sustained increases in tax collections from plastic bag use (Williams 2014; Wilson 2013). Meanwhile, in countries like Rwanda, a total ban on plastic bags as opposed to a tax has led to the successful elimination of plastic bags in the country (Clavel 2014). Critiquing the carrier bag levy in the context of Adam Smiths taxation canons, one can see for instance that there is some debate with regard to whether it passes the muster on the canon on collection economy. As Smith expounded, this canon says that the tax should not be a discouragement to business and should be inexpensive to collect. From the point of view of the businesses, the carrier bag levy is not a discouragement to the conduct of business, because the retailers merely act as collection agents of the tax by the government. The retailers being the collection agents and the remitting agents

Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allen Poe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allen Poe - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that Poe manipulates the story to suit his needs through the use of the point of view presented in the form of first-person narration.   The central narrator, Montressor, presents the story at a personal point of view. The readers’ opinion is corrupted by the narrator’s perception towards Fortunato. The opening line of the story is meant to lure the readers into supporting his actions, â€Å"The thousand injuries of Fortunato I had borne as best I could, but when he ventured upon insult, I vowed revenge†. The use of central narrator affects the emotional attachment that the reader feels upon a character. His attempt to capture readers’ support is strategic. However, readers do not understand what Fortunato had done to the narrator or if the narrator is trying to create a scene in his mind. The reader becomes even more confused because all the story events are brought to the fore by the narrator. Montresor takes advantage of the narration role to justify his actions as well as changing the readers’ attitude towards Fortunato.   The story is told from the narrator’s point of view to increase the depravity and remorse that the reader feels. The narrator tries to divert the reader away from realizing the perverseness of his behavior. He suggests that walling-off Fortunato brings satisfaction.   The narrator is successful in walling-off Fortunato in a cordial manner without struggle or resistance being put-up by Fortunato, â€Å"The Amontillado!’ ejaculated my friend, not yet recovered from his astonishment† (532). If the author had Fortunato resist or show any anger, the act could have negatively affected the reader’s mood. The impact of the scene is further enhanced through narration by the immediate sobering up of Fortunato, â€Å"It was not the cry of a drunken man† (532). Use of central narration indicates that the story revolves around the in ner terror and the innate evil that exists in people. It allows the readers peer inside the narrators, as well as the author’s, mind and condition. Use of first person narration is related to the idea that telling the story from the victim’s perspective would not portray the memorable qualities to the readers’ attention. The narrator is able to bring out the true clarity of the dark tale, chilling suspense and invite the reader’s into the calculating and icy mind of Montresor. The detailed first person narration reveals the author’s intention of making the readers judge the narrator; not sympathize with him. First person narration is used to show that revenge is impossible due to a man’s inner self. This style also allows the reader to understand the character’s inner struggles and decisions, â€Å"You, who so well know the nature of my soul, will not suppose, however that I gave utterance to a threat† (528). The use of a character’s point of view is poetic because it brings-out various themes such as brutality and insensitivity. The narration helps in the expression of the author’s inner most feelings in relation to the main theme of the literary article. The use of the first person narration by Poe portrays some aspects of meta-fiction traits. Most of the ideas being asserted by the narrator emanates from the author. The story narration could be a confession or the narrator could be bragging. Otherwise, why shoul d it be back dated for half a century? Additionally, he exclaims, â€Å"In pace requiescat!† at the end of the story (533). This indicates that he could be comforting his soul after making a fifty year old confession. Because I could not stop for Death by Emily Dickinson is also a first person narration that invokes controversy. This is because it presents a multidimensional and complex view of a concept that is mysterious to most readers: death. Just like in the case of The Cask of Amontillado by Poe, the author seems to express his feelings and inner thoughts through

The Characteristics And Applications Of Manets Computer Science Essay

The Characteristics And Applications Of Manets Computer Science Essay Chapter 1 The advent of ubiquitous computing and the creation of new, powerful, efficient, portable computing devices have focused the importance of mobile and wireless networking. Mobile wireless communications and networking is an emerging technology that allows users to access information and services electronically at any time, regardless of their geographic positions. There are two types of wireless networks: infrastructure based wireless networks and infrastructure-less wireless networks (ad hoc networks). The infrastructure based wireless networks have routers and gateways as stationary components to which mobile nodes within the network connect. Mobile nodes connect to the nearest base station whose communication radius covers the area that the nodes are in. When a mobile node moves out of the coverage area of a base station, it is handed off to a new base station that covers the area that the node is now in. Cellular phone technology is a typical example of an infrastructure network. The second type of wireless network is the ad hoc network. The term ad hoc tends to different forms and can be mobile, stand alone, or networked[1]. A Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) is a self-organized wireless communication short lived network that contains collection of mobile nodes. The mobile nodes communicate with one another by wireless radio links without the use of any pre-established fixed communication network infrastructure or centralized administration, such as base stations or access points, and with no human intervention [2, 3, 5, 6, 7]. Self-organizing means that MANETs have the ability to spontaneously form a network of mobile nodes or hosts, merged together or partitioned into separate networks on-the-fly depending on the networking needs and dynamically handle the joining or leaving of nodes in the network. The major objectives of self organized MANET are: scalability, reliability, and availability. Mobile nodes are low capacity autonomous computing devices that are capable of roaming independently. Because of the fact that nodes are mobile, the network topology changes rapidly and unpredictably over time. Each mobile node acts as both a host and a specialized router to relay information (forward packets) to other mobile nodes. The success of the communication highly depends on the other nodes cooperation. The nodes themselves are responsible for dynamically discovering other nodes to communicate in radio range. Figure 1.1: Heterogeneous Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) Typical MANET nodes are Laptops, PDAs, Pocket PCs, Cellular Phones, Internet Mobil Phones, Palmtops or any other mobile wireless devices. These devices are typically lightweight and battery operated. Figure 1.1 illustrates an example of a heterogeneous MANET and its communication technology which contains one PDA, one pocket PC, one laptop, one mobile phone and one mobile device. Since mobile phone is outside pocket PCs transmission range, the data from pocket PC to mobile phone must be retransmitted by laptop. 1.1.1 Characteristics of MANETs The main characteristics of MANETs are: the complete lack of centralized control, lack of association among nodes, rapid mobility of hosts, frequent dynamically varying network topology, shared broadcast radio channel, insecure operating environment, physical vulnerability and limited availability of resources, such as CPU processing capacity, memory power, battery power, and bandwidth [2, 6, 7, 8]. Dynamic Network Topologies: The nodes in MANETs are free to move independently in any direction. The networks wireless topology may change frequently and randomly at unpredictable times and primarily consists of bidirectional links. Low Bandwidth: These networks have lower capacity and shorter transmission range than fixed infrastructure networks. The throughput of wireless communication is lesser than wired communication because of the effect of the multiple access, fading, noise, and interference conditions. Limited Battery Power: The nodes or hosts operate on small batteries and other exhaustible means of energy. So, energy conservation is the most important design optimization criteria. Decentralized Control: Due to unreliable links, the working of MANET depends upon cooperation of participating nodes. Thus, implementation of any protocol that involves a centralized authority or administrator becomes difficult. Unreliable Communications: The shared-medium nature and unstable channel quality of wireless links may result in high packet-loss rate and re-routing instability, which is a common phenomenon that leads to throughput drops in multi-hop networks. This implies that the security solution in wireless ad hoc networks cannot rely on reliable communication. Weak Physical Protection: MANETs are more prone to physical security threats than fixed-cable nets. Mobile nodes are usually compact, soft and hand-held in nature. Today, portable devices are getting smaller and smaller. They could get damaged or lost or stolen easily and misused by an adversary. The increased possibility of different types of attacks should be carefully considered. Scalability: Due to the limited memory and processing power on mobile devices, the scalability is a key problem when we consider a large network size. Networks of 10,000 or even 100,000 nodes are envisioned, and scalability is one of the major design concerns. 1.1.2 Applications of MANETs There are many applications of MANETs. The domain of applications for MANETs is diverse, ranging from small, static networks that are constrained by power sources to large-scale, mobile, highly dynamic networks. Significant examples include establishing survivable, efficient, dynamic communication for: network-centric military/battlefield environments, emergency/rescue operations, disaster relief operations, intelligent transportation systems, conferences, fault-tolerant mobile sensor grids, smart homes, patient monitoring, environment control, and other security sensitive applications. Most of these applications demand a specific security guarantees and reliable communication [2, 5, 7, 9]. Some well known applications are: Military Tactical Operations: For fast and possibly short term establishment of military communications and troop deployments in hostile and/or unknown environments. Search and Rescue Operations: For communication in areas with little or no wireless infrastructure support. Disaster Relief Operations: For communication in environments where the existing infrastructure is destroyed or left inoperable. Law Enforcement: For secure and fast communication during law enforcement operations. Commercial Use: For enabling communications in exhibitions, conferences and large gatherings. For some business scenarios, the need for collaborative computing might be more important outside office environments than inside a building. After all, it is often the case where people do need to have outside meetings to cooperate and exchange information on a given project. 1.1.3 Routing in MANETs Node mobility has a large impact on the behavior of ad hoc networks. The nodes in the network are free to move independently in any direction to change the routes. Every node in MANET acts as a router that discovers and maintains routes in the network. The nodes themselves are responsible for dynamically discovering other nodes to communicate. When a node wants to communicate with a node outside its transmission range, a multi-hop routing strategy is used which involves some intermediate nodes. The networks wireless topology changes frequently and randomly at unpredictable times. In order to allow truly spontaneous, infrastructure-less networking and efficient end-to-end communication with the network of nodes, a routing protocol is used to discover the optimal routes between the nodes. Hence, the primary challenge is to establish a correct and efficient route between a pair of nodes and to ensure the correct and timely delivery of packets. The routing protocols meant for wired networks cannot be used for MANETs because routing in MANETs is nontrivial due to the highly dynamic nature of the mobile nodes. Route construction should be done with a minimum of overhead and bandwidth consumption. An extensive number of research works on designing the various routing protocols proactive, reactive, and hybrid have been proposed in the literature and widely evaluated for efficient routing of packets [3]. However, they do not address possible threats aiming at the disruption of the protocol itself and often are vulnerable to node misbehavior. A node dropping all the packets is considered as malicious node or selfish nodes. A malicious node misbehaves because it intends to damage network functioning. A selfish node does so because it wants to save battery life for its own communication by simply not participating in the routing protocol or by not executing the packet forwarding. A malicious node could falsely advertise very attractive routes and thereby convince other nodes to route their messages via that malicious node. With the lack of a priori trust between nodes, current ad hoc routing protocols are completely insecure and optimized only to spread routing information quickly as the network changes [4]. 1.1.4 Security in MANETs Security is an essential service for MANET because all network services are configured on-the-fly. When the security of a given MANET architecture is not properly designed from the beginning, it is difficult to achieve the security goals in practical networks during the network deployment [12, 13]. To secure a MANET, one usually considers the objectives confidentiality (privacy), availability, integrity, authenticity and non-repudiation. Confidentiality ensures that secret information in the network is never revealed to unauthorized nodes. i.e. the assurance that data is not disclosed to unauthorized parties. Availability ensures that the requested network services, such as bandwidth and connectivity, are available in a timely manner and service is not denied to authorize users. i.e. the assurance that data is readily accessible. Integrity ensures that message or packet being transferred between nodes is not altered or corrupted. i.e. the assurance that data is genuine. Authentication ensures the correct identity of the peer node it is communicating with. Non-repudiation ensures that the originator of a message cannot falsely deny having sent the message. i.e. the assurance that a node cannot later deny the data was sent by it. Node mobility in a MANET poses many security problems and vulnerable to different types of security attacks than conventional wired and wireless networks due to their open medium, dynamic network topology, absence of central administration, distributed cooperation, constrained capability, and lack of clear line of defense. The unconstrained nature of a wireless medium of MANETs allows the attackers for interception, injection, and interference of communication. Without proper security, mobile hosts are easily captured, compromised and hijacked by malicious nodes. Malicious nodes behavior may deliberately disrupt the network so that the whole network will be suffering from packet losses. Damages include leaking secret information, message contamination and node impersonation. Before MANETs are successfully deployed, security issues must be addressed. Usually, cryptographic techniques are used for secure communications in wired and wireless networks. The method of using security solutions of traditional wired networks is not suitable for providing security in MANETs. The main problem of any public-key based security system is to make each users public key available to others in such a way that its authenticity is verifiable. Conventional security solutions to provide public key management is implemented with public key infrastructure (PKI), in which a trusted third party (TTP) holds the public key certificates of all participating entities and acts as an online certification authority (CA) to provide a public key verification service. MANETs do not provide on-line access to trusted authorities or to centralized servers. Implementing public key management and certificate distribution is more challenging due to the problematic key exchange, session handling , absence of any infrastructure and centralized services, frequent node mobility, wireless link instability, possible network partitions, and configuration of all network services on-the-fly. For these reasons, traditional security solutions that require on-line trusted authorities or certificate repositories are not well suited for securing MANETs. Use of public key cryptography and certificates is one of the effective ways of securing a MANET. The main security problems that need to be dealt with in MANETs are: the secure storage of key/data in the devices; the authentication of devices that wish to communicate to each other; the secure key establishment of a session key among authenticated devices; and the secure routing in multi-hop networks [4]. 1.1.5 Security Attacks in MANETs Security means protecting the privacy (confidentiality), availability, integrity and non-repudiation. Security implies the identification of potential attacks, threats and vulnerability of a certain system from unauthorized access, use, modification or destruction. A security attack is any action that compromises or bypasses the security of information illegally or in an unauthorized way. The attack may alter, release, or deny data [10, 11, 14]. The attacks on the MANETs can be broadly classified into two categories: passive attacks and active attacks as shown in Figure 1.2. Both passive and active attacks can be made on any layer of the network protocol stack [3]. Figure 1.2: Types of security attacks Passive Attacks: A passive attack attempts to retrieve valuable information by listening to traffic channel without proper authorization, but does not affect system resources and the normal functioning of the network. Figure 1.3 shows a schematic description of a passive attacker C, eavesdropping on the communication channel between A and B. Figure 1.3: A passive attack The different types of passive attacks are eavesdropping (information leakage), traffic monitoring, and analysis. Passive attacks are very difficult to detect because they do not involve any alteration of the data. The emphasis in dealing with passive attacks is on prevention rather than detection. One of the solutions to the problem is to use powerful encryption mechanism to encrypt the data being transmitted, thereby making it impossible for the attacker to get useful information from the data overheard. Eavesdropping (information leakage) is a very easy passive attack in the radio transmission environment, where malicious nodes capture all traffic, including routing traffic, and thus obtain routing information. When one sends a message over the wireless medium, an attacker equipped with a suitable transceiver in the radio range of the transmission can intercept and capture all traffic including the sensitive routing information. The sender or the intended receiver has no means of detecting if the transmission has been eavesdropping in the radio transmission by the adversary who do not physically connect to the medium. Traffic monitoring collects information of network nodes such as the identities and locations of nodes and the amount of data transmitted among them. Traffic analysis means that a malicious node analyses all captured/received traffic in order to extract information about the characteristics of transmission, such as, which nodes are communicating frequently or exchange huge amounts of data. This information could be exploited to launch further attacks. Active Attacks: An active attack attempts to alter or destroy system resources and the data being exchanged in the network by injecting or modifying arbitrary packets, thus gain authentication and tries to affect or disrupt the normal functioning of the network services. An active attack involves information interruption, modification, or fabrication. Figure 1.4: An active attack As shown in Figure 1.4, an active attacker C can listen, modify, and inject messages into the communication channel between A and B. Active attacks can be either internal or external [5]. External attacks are carried out by nodes that do not belong to the network. These attacks are launched by adversaries who are not initially authorized to participate in the network operations and access the resources without authorization. External attacks usually aim to cause network congestion, denying access to specific network function or to disrupt the whole network operations. Bogus packets injection, denial of service, and impersonation are some of the attacks that are usually initiated by the external attackers. Internal attacks are from compromised nodes that are part of the network. Compared with external attacks, internal attacks are more serious and hard to detect because the attackers know valuable and secret information from compromised or hijacked nodes and possess privileged access rights to the network resources. Active attacks, whether carried out by an external adversary or an internal compromised node, involves actions such as impersonation (masquerading or spoofing), modification, fabrication and replication. The active attacks are classified into different types: MAC Layer attacks, Network Layer attacks, Transportation Layer attacks, Application Layer attacks and Multi Layer attacks as shown in Figure 1.5. MAC Layer Attacks: Jamming Attack In this form of attack, the adversary initially keeps monitoring the wireless medium in order to determine the frequency at which the receiver node is receiving signals from the sender. It then transmits signals on that frequency so that error free reception at the receiver is hindered [3]. Figure 1.5: Classification of security attacks Network Layer Attacks: Wormhole Attack In this attack, two compromised nodes can communicate with each other by a private network connection. A malicious node captures packets from one location in the network and tunnels these packets to the other malicious node at another location. The second malicious node is then expected to replay the tunneled packets locally. The tunnel between two colluding attackers is referred to as a wormhole. The wormhole can drop packets by short-circuiting the normal flow of routing packets or it can selectively forward packets to avoid detection [15, 16, 17]. Black Hole Attack A black hole attack is a kind of denial of service where a malicious node attracts all packets by falsely claiming (advertising) a shortest path to the destination node whose packets it wants to intercept and then absorb them without forwarding to the destination [15]. i.e. a malicious node falsely advertise itself as having the shortest path to the destination node whose packets it wants to intercept causing all nodes around it to route packets towards it. Sinkhole Attack In a sinkhole attack, the adversarys goal is to attract nearly all the traffic from a particular area through a compromised node, creating a metaphorical sinkhole with the adversary at the center. Because nodes on or near the path that packets follow have many opportunities to tamper with application data [18, 19]. One motivation for mounting a sinkhole attack is that it makes selective forwarding trivial by ensuring that all traffic in the targeted area flows through a compromised node, an adversary can selectively suppress or modify packets originating from any node in the area. Gray Hole Attack A gray hole attack is a variation of the black hole attack, where the malicious node is not initially malicious, it turns malicious sometime later. In this attack, an attacker drops all data packets but it lets control messages to route through it [20, 21]. This selective dropping makes gray hole attacks much more difficult to detect than black hole attack. Byzantine Attack In this attack, a compromised intermediate node or a set of compromised intermediate nodes works in collusion and collectively carries out attacks such as creating routing loops, routing packets on non-optimal paths, and selectively dropping packets. Byzantine failures are hard to detect because throughput of attacker nodes as same as other nodes [22]. Information Disclosure Attack In this, a compromised node attempts to reveal confidential or important information regarding the network topology (the structure of the network), geographic locations of nodes, or optimal routes to unauthorized nodes in the network [7][23]. Resource Consumption Attack In this attack, a malicious node deliberately tries to consume/waste away the resources of other nodes present in the network by requesting excessive route discovery (unnecessary route request control messages), very frequent generation of beacon packets, or by forwarding unnecessary packets (stale information) to that node. The resources that are targeted are battery power, bandwidth, and computational power, which are only limitedly available in MANETs [24, 25]. Man-In-The-Middle Attack In this, the attacker exists as a neighbor to any one node in the routing path and alters data that is being transmitted and injects modified packet into network. i.e. a malicious node impersonates the receiver with respect to the sender, and the sender with respect to the receiver, without having either of them realize that they have been attacked with an intension to read or modify the messages between two parties [12]. Neighbor Attack In this attack, upon receiving a packet, an intermediate node records its ID in the packet before forwarding the packet to the next node. An attacker, however, simply forwards the packet without recording its ID in the packet to make two nodes that are not within the communication range of each other believe that they are neighbors (i.e., one-hop away from each other), resulting in a disrupted route. The goal of neighbor attackers is to disrupt multicast routes by making two nodes that are in fact out of each others communication range believe that they can communicate directly with each other [15]. Routing Attacks In this attack, attackers try to alter the routing information and data in the routing control packet. There are several types of routing attacks, such as routing table overflow attack, routing table poisoning attack, packet replication attack, route cache poisoning attack, and rushing attack, mounted on the routing protocol which are aimed at disrupting the operation of the network [3]. Ã ¢-Â ºRouting Table Overflow Attack In this attack, an adversary node advertises routes to non-existing authorized nodes present in the network. The main objective of such an attack is to cause an overflow of the routing tables, which would, in turn, prevent the creation of entries corresponding to new routes to authorized nodes. Proactive routing protocols are more vulnerable to this attack compared to reactive routing protocols. Ã ¢-Â ºRouting Table Poisoning Attack In this attack, a malicious node sends false routing updates to other uncompromised nodes. Such an attack may result in suboptimal routing, network congestion or even make some part of the network inaccessible. Ã ¢-Â ºPacket Replication Attack In this attack, an adversary node replicates stale packets. This consumes additional bandwidth and battery power resources available to the nodes and also causes unnecessary confusion in the routing process. Ã ¢-Â ºRoute Cache Poisoning Attack This attack occurs when nodes are in the updating mode of their tables route. Information stored in the routing tables deleted, changed, and injected with false information. Ã ¢-Â ºRushing Attack In this case, an adversary can rush some routing packets towards the destination, leading to problems with routing. i.e. an adversary node which receives a route request packet from the source node floods the packet quickly throughout the network before other nodes which also receive the same route request packet can react. On demand routing protocols that use route discovery process are vulnerable to this type of attack [26]. Stealth Attacks Stealth attacks are classified into two classes. The first class of attacks attempts to hi-jack or perform traffic analysis on filtered traffic to and from victim nodes. These attacks are mounted, for example, by the modification of routing information. An attacker can divert traffic by using authentic routing messages to fool honest nodes into disrupting their routing tables. The second class partitions the network and reduces good put by disconnecting victim nodes in several ways. For example, the attacker can route a large amount of data through the victim node. This may totally consume the nodes energy resources or create a perception of unavailability due the large quantities of messages being dropped by the victim. Consequently the node under attack will not be used by neighboring routers and becomes isolated. The methods are referred to as stealth attacks since they minimize the cost of launching the attacks and reduce the visibility of the attacker [27]. Transportation Layer Attacks: Session Hijacking Attack Session hijacking is the major transport layer attack. Here, an adversary takes control over a session between two nodes. Since most authentication processes are carried out only at the start of a session, once the session between two nodes gets established, the adversary node masquerades as one of the end nodes of the session and hijacks the session. Session hijacking occurs on two levels: the network level and application level. Application Layer Attacks: Repudiation Attack Repudiation attack is the main application layer level attack. Repudiation refers to the denial or attempted denial by a node involved in a communication of having participated in all or part of the communication [3]. Non-repudiation is one of the important requirements for a security protocol in any communication network and assures that a node cannot later deny the data was sent by it. Multi Layer Attacks: Multi-layer attacks are those that could occur in any layer of the network protocol stack. Denial of service, impersonation or sybil attack, manipulation of network traffic, device tampering, jellifish attack and eclipse attack are some of the common multi-layer attacks. Denial of Service Attack In this attack, an adversary always attempts to prevent legitimate and authorized users of network services from accessing those services, where legitimate traffic cannot reach the target nodes. Denial of Service (DoS) attacks are against CPU power, battery power and transmission bandwidth. A malicious node may launch a DoS attack against another node by requesting routes from that node, or by forwarding unnecessary packets to that node in an attempt to wear down (draining) the other nodes batteries. A DoS attack can be carried out in many ways and against any layer in the network protocol stack, namely, physical layer, link layer, and network layer [4, 12, 31]. Sybil Attack This attack is also known as masquerade or impersonation or spoofing attack. In this attack, a single malicious node attempts to take out the identity of other nodes in the network by advertising false/fake routes. i.e. an attacker pretends to have multiple identities obtained either by impersonating (forges) other nodes or by making use of false identities. It then attempts to send packets over network with identity of other nodes making the destination believe that the packet is from original source [28]. Sybil attacks are classified into three categories: direct/indirect communication, fabricated/stolen identity, and simultaneity. In the direct communication, Sybil nodes communicate directly with legitimate nodes, whereas in the indirect communication, messages sent to Sybil nodes are routed through malicious nodes. An attacker can fabricate a new identity or it can simply steal it after destroying or temporarily disabling the impersonated node. All Sybil identities can participate simultaneously in the network or they may be cycled through [29]. Misrouting Attack This attack is also known as manipulation of network traffic attack. This is a very simple way for a node to disturb the protocol operation by announcing that it has better route than the existing one. In the misrouting attack, a non-legitimate node redirects the routing message and sends data packet to the wrong destination. This type of attack is carried out by modifying metric value of a route or by altering control message fields of a route or modifying the final destination address of the data packet or by forwarding a data packet to the wrong next hop in the route to the destination [30]. Device Tampering Attack (Weak Physical Protection) Unlike nodes in a wired network, nodes in MANETs are usually compact, soft, and hand-held in nature. They could get damaged or lost or stolen easily and misused by an adversary. In military applications, mobile nodes are subject to capturing, compromising and hijacking. In such hostile environments, it is almost impossible to provide perfect physical protection [3]. Jellyfish Attack A jellyfish attacker first needs to intrude into the multicast forwarding group. It then delays data packets unnecessarily for some amount of time before forwarding them. This result in significantly high end-to-end delays and, thus, degrades the performance of real-time applications [31]. Eclipse Attack A pattern of misbehavior called an eclipse attack, which consists of the gradual poisoning of good (uncompromised) nodes routing tables with links to a conspiracy of adversarial nodes (compromised nodes) [12, 15, 18]. 1.1.6 Security Solutions in MANET Various kinds of security attacks are possible on ad hoc routing. Due to inherent characteristics, MANETs are highly susceptible to malicious attacks. To overcome these attacks, available security solutions are used. Attack prevention measures can be used as the first line of defense to reduce the possibilities of attacks. There are two types of security solutions: preventive and detective to overcome these attacks. Preventive solutions are typically based on message encryption techniques, while detective solutions include the application of digital signature and cryptographic hash functions. The prevention schemes proposed for external attacks are key and trust management, whereas the countermeasures for internal attacks are secure routing protocols [5, 7]. 1.2 Motivation of the Work Providing security for MANETs is a difficult problem. The method of using security solutions of a traditional wired network is not suitable. All those methods require online trusted authority. In contrast with conventional networks, MANETs do not provide on-line access to trusted authorities or to centralized servers. For this reason, key management is particularly difficult to implement in such networks. However, key management is deemed as the fundamental essential part of any secure communication. There are two ways to introduce security in MANETs: 1. through a single authority domain, where certification and keys are issued by a single authority, and 2. through full self-organization, where security does not rely on any trusted authority or fixed server. Conventional public key management is implemented with public key infrastructure, in which a trusted third party (TTP) holds the public key certificates of all participating entities and acts as an online

Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice Essay -- Jane Austen Pride Prejudice

Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice "It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife" Jane Austen used this quote to open her second book, 'Pride and Prejudice', which was first published in 1813. This is a story of the attitudes towards love and marriage in the nineteenth century, through the eyes of a number of people in different family situations and levels of society. It explores what was socially acceptable and disgraceful at the time, as well as the author, Jane Austen's, personal opinion on the matter. This is shown mainly through the character of Elizabeth Bennet, the second of five daughters of Mr and Mrs Bennet, inhabitants of the Longbourn estate. At this time, it was very important that young girls of around sixteen and above should aim to marry as soon as possible to avoid becoming destitute and unable to support themselves after the inevitable death of their father, whose estate would usually be inherited by the next male heir in the family. In the case of the Bennets, this is a distant cousin with whom they had not been in contact with for some time. His name is Mr. Collins... Another worry for young women at the beginning of the nineteenth century was how high a reputation they had. It was unorthodox for a female to admit, like Lydia does when in Meryton, that she had come into town to find a man, because she would seem very eager and this may result in people looking down on her. On the other hand, if a lady acted as though she didn't like a man so that he wouldn't think she was chasing him, the man might think that she really disliked him and decide to admire another woman instead. Life could be very complicated... ... You know that it is not sound, and that you would never act in this way yourself." This makes it perfectly clear that Lizzy thinks that it would be impossible for anyone, no matter how set-against romance they are,to marry someone for a reason other than love. This proves that she is a romantic, and once set in her ways cannot see how anybody could think differently to her. In conclusion, I would say that Jane Austen looks down upon marrying for material success or gain, and superficial attraction and mismatch because at least one person in the relationship will end up being unhappy. She does, however, believe in marrying for love because you will be able to live the rest of your life happily with a partner you are devoted to. I also think that if you choose to marry, you should only do it for this reason because I believe that all you need is love.

Comparing and contrasting two lifestyle magazines Essay

The mass media has over the years evolved to what some people judge as the way we think. No longer has everyone got their own opinion but they are conjured by adverts and promotions. People are classed into different stereotypes with their opinions reflecting their own accord, thus including what they look like, what they do and who they are. With each new stereotype category arrives a new lifestyle for people to follow. People have now taken lifestyles into their own (this is known as materialism) and identified their ‘stereotype’ by indicating this to the public through the medium. Magazines are a good way to promote lifestyles because they are easily accessible through retail, any kind of lifestyle can be promoted as the amount of magazine concepts are only barred by the levels of creativity and magazines can target a certain type of audience and still sell rather than be obliged to target a mass audience such as TV. Editors play a big part in how the lifestyle is represented in any magazine. The editor’s view reflects the lifestyle, especially if it is a large selling magazine. It basically follows the theory of how media controls our opinions which relates to the trend or ‘what’s hot or not’. Advertisements within magazines also reflect the lifestyle itself because a business wouldn’t really promote their products in irrelevant locations that would not attract consumers. I have chosen â€Å"Adobe Photoshop Handbook† (APH) and â€Å"Smash Hits† as my magazines to compare and contrast. APH is a magazine for web site designers. It shows you how to make graphics using Adobe Photoshop (a popular software with web site designers). As this software costs a lot of money (i500+) and not many people choose to use extreme personalised graphics on their web sites this is not a popular lifestyle as others this magazine does not sell to a large audience. Smash Hits is a popular magazine on pop music lifestyle. It costs a third less than APH and has a much larger audience. It generally targets males and females of 9 – 16 years of age. Pop music is hard to classify because of the amount of different kinds of music such as jazz, blues, metal, rock, dance etc. but Smash Hits generalises pop music as what is in the charts and making an impact on the teenage public. This is a good way to promote a magazine because it constantly keeps up to date with celebrity lifestyles and ‘gossip’. People like keep track of what their favourite celebrities are doing because they see them as role models in how they themselves can become just like them. APH has gossip on what kinds of talent is currently hitting the art side of the computer world. Web site designers like to be individual in their work so they don’t follow the handbook ‘religiously’ but use the ideas to apply to their own graphics. This kind of editorial has a weak concept but a good reaction. The ideology is to show people how to make attractive images that relate to the current trend of web arts but the reaction is to use these guides to work alongside web designers’ own arts. The language used in APH is complex in a computer literate fashion. Throughout the magazine there are amazing eye catching images. The front cover always has the most interesting image in the handbook because this is the main advertisement for the magazine. If the image looks good then people are more likely to buy it because they will suggest that the producers of the magazine knows how to make attractive art. They try to shorthand most of the content because they repeat words over and over again in the tutorials. Smash Hits language is Basic English; this is to make it easier for the younger audience to interpret the magazine. Many of the images in the magazine are pictures of celebrities with more focusing on whoever is in the public eye. The graphics are large and colourful this is ‘easy on the eye’ and attracts attention to it because of the primary colours reflecting off the opposite colours (i. e. black and white, red and blue, yellow and blue etc. ) When you hear your favourite artist sing a song you tend to sing along with it (in public or not), APH is like a handbook of lyrics to songs and people read off these lyrics and use it to write their own songs. This is the major difference between the two magazines. One is aimed at artists and the other is aimed at the pop music market. The readerships are bound to differ. Therefore the editorials are apt to justify with their target audience. Although they are different in lifestyles they do share comparisons. The magazines both target male and females and the conventional layout consisting of; front page, contents page, editors words, letter page, main articles, interview and then a page at the end on next months contents. The costs of the magazine diverge of each other, as there is more money in the music industry than in the web design industry and many other industries. The fact that the magazine only idealises on pop music means that it will always have a large audience of people that follow popular music, which tend to be a younger audience who have yet to develop a taste in different kinds of music. More and more people are getting into web site building because it is easy and cheap. People can make their own reflections of lifestyles in their own impressions on their web pages. This then attracts other people and the ‘acceptance’ into a society is then established (because as people know, there is a website for everything). The monopolisation of the computer market by Microsoft means that the variety of software available is limited. Denoting that the amount of different advertisers available to the publisher are limited, consequently making the magazine highly priced. The advertisement in any magazine normally reflects the lifestyle that the magazine idealises. In APH the adverts are about other computer software that work in cooperation with Adobe Photoshop. These adverts are scattered throughout the magazine in a variety of sizes depending on the quality and popularity of the products. The only other adverts are of other magazines published by future publishing (the magazines publisher) that focuses on magazines that have a ‘passion with media’. These tend to be full-page adverts; about 20% of the magazine is made up of adverts. Smash Hits is made up of 50% of editorials and the rest are adverts. This makes the magazine cheap to buy. The adverts are scattered throughout the magazine and they are all of products and services that justify their readership. For example, there is a NSPCC advert at the bottom of the letters page; NSPCC is the ‘National Society of Protection against Cruelty to Children’, which is obviously targeted at children. The adverts consist of music albums of pop bands and the other magazine that the publisher publishes also feature in the magazine on full pages. Smash Hits normally comes with ‘freebies’ such as a single or extra miniature books that are sealed onto the front cover. APH came with a guide to how you can dual boot your system with Linux and Windows; it also came with a disk with Linux on. Freebies are popular with magazines because people like to think that they are getting more than what they paid for. This makes the consumer more likely to buy the magazine because of this ‘give away’ offer. Lifestyle magazines cannot represent a lifestyle completely; it just shows a reflection of an opinion on its chosen lifestyle. A person cannot instantly know about new trends instantaneously, they need to be told about them through the media or other forms of communication. This is why they buy magazines on their favourite lifestyles and to learn about what ‘their world’ is up to. Lifestyles are endorsed as guidance for people to lead and live their lives. They are popular with people because it allows them to ‘belong’ to a society. With this self – belief of acceptance it gives people a push through life. This can be related to religion; as where people follow a religion in credence of hope and these lifestyles can be seen as hope to be accepted into society.

LAPORAN PEMBEKALAN MATERI PESERTA PLPG TAHUN 2017 Essays

LAPORAN PEMBEKALAN MATERI PESERTA PLPG TAHUN 2017 Essays LAPORAN PEMBEKALAN MATERI PESERTA PLPG TAHUN 2017 Nama: Ridwan NUPTK: 9143764665110043 Nomer Peserta: 17191515710097 Bidang Studi: Bahasa Inggris Nama Sekolah: SMPN 2 Panca Rijang LAPORAN PEMBEKALAN MATERI PERIODE EMPAT Sumber Belajar Bidang Studi Ringkasan Materi DISCUSSION Discussion is a text which presents a problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed from different points of view. It presents pro and contra opinion on certain issue. The purpose of a discussion text is to present ar guments and information from differing viewpoints. Discussion texts are usually written in the present tense. Discussion is a process to find the meet point between two different ideas . It is important to to get the understanding between the two differences. In many socia l activities, discussion is the effective way to calm down any friction and difference in thought, perception and recommendation. Generic Structure Issue: contains of statement and preview about something. Arguments for /Supporting arguments: after stating the issue, it is necessary to present the argument to support that one point is agreeing. Arguments against : beside the support ing argument, discussion text needs the arguments which disagree to the stated issue. Recommendation/conclusion: It is used to tell how to solve issue by concerning the arguments for and against Language Features Relating verb/to be: is, am, are, etc. Using thinking verb: feel, hope, believe, etc. Using additive, contrastive, and causal connection: similarly, on the hand, however, etc. Using modalities: must, should, could, may, etc. Using adverbial of manner: deliberately, hopefully, etc. Conjunction/transition: although, even, if, etc To imply main idea in order to keep them all tightly linked. we can do the following action Read the passage entirely first : All the details might not make sense immediately, but you should start to see patterns Examine individual details : to see how they relate to the common thread. Put the details together : to find out what the main idea is. We can look at the details together to see that the implied of the main idea . Coherence Coherence means the connection of ideas at the idea level, and cohesion means the connection of ideas at the sentence level. Basically, coherence refers to the "rhetorical" aspects of your writing, which include dev eloping and supporting your argu ment (e.g. thesis statement development), synthesizin g and integrating readings, organizing and clarifying ideas. The cohesion of writing focuses on the "grammati cal" aspects of writing. One of the practical tools that can help improve the coherence of your writing is to use a concept map . The concept map is also known as " reverse outline " since you make an outline of your paper after you have finished the m ain ideas of your paper. Write down the main idea of each paragraphwhich is called a topic sentence on a blank piece of paper. Check to see if the topic sentences are connected to th e thesis statement of your paper or if you have strayed from your main ar gument. As you repeat this process, it will help you become more aware of ho w to develop your argument coherently and how to organize your ideas effectively. He re is a concept map template you can use. Cohesion is also a very important aspect of academic writing, because it immediately affects the tone of your writing. Although some instructors may say that you will not lose points because of grammatical errors in your paper, you may lose points if the tone of your writing is sloppy or too casual (a diary-type of writing or choppy sentences will make the tone of your writing too casual for academic writing). But cohesive writing does not mean just "grammatically correct" sentences; cohesive writing refers to the connection of your ideas both at t he sentence level and at the paragraph level. HORTATORY EXPOSITION A hortatory exposition is a type of spoken or written text that is intended to explain the listeners or readers that something should or should not happen or be done. In other words, the main function of Hortatory Exposition text is to persuade the readers or listener that something should or should not be the case. In other words, this kind of text can be called as argumentation. Hortatory

Free Essays on Louisianas Creoles of Color

"Louisiana's Creoles of Color" In 1970 the state of Louisiana's Bureau of Vital Statistics decided that 1/32 Negro blood was the diving line between white and black (Dominquez, 1986.) They then informed the public that any form of Negro blood was the legal basis for blackness. In addition modern genetic studies show that blacks in the United States average 25 percent white genes and that whites average 5 percent black genes (Woods, 1972.) Consequently, how are we to decipher who constitutes as White American, Black American, and most importantly to this paper, Creole American. The underlying questions of this paper are therefore, "Where do Creole Americans fit into this picture? With whom did Creole Americans identify themselves with?" And finally the purpose of this paper is to educate others about Creoles and their wonderfully rich heritage. From the colonial days of New Orleans to the present time, a unique group of people has contributed to the most diverse state in America. They were the "Gens de Couleur Libres", the Free People of Color. Today, commonly known as "Creoles" or "Creoles of Color", their descendants live in all parts of the country. Some have kept the language and culture bestowed upon them by their ancestors; while some have lost this heritage to a more "American" way of life. The fact is that this country is divided into two separate sectors, white and black, and all other divisions come separate. Just who then were these Creole people that added so very much to Louisiana culture? There were four types of ancestry in New Orleans: Europeans, Indians, Negroes, and half bloods born of French Fathers or European Mothers who were called Creole s (Dominquez, 1986.) Creoles are among a rich cultural heritage of people. But there was little consensus as to what legally constituted as Creole. In State ex. Cousin v. Louisiana State Board of Health, the Louisiana State Court of Appeals was forced to examine the meaning of C... Free Essays on Louisiana's Creoles of Color Free Essays on Louisiana's Creoles of Color "Louisiana's Creoles of Color" In 1970 the state of Louisiana's Bureau of Vital Statistics decided that 1/32 Negro blood was the diving line between white and black (Dominquez, 1986.) They then informed the public that any form of Negro blood was the legal basis for blackness. In addition modern genetic studies show that blacks in the United States average 25 percent white genes and that whites average 5 percent black genes (Woods, 1972.) Consequently, how are we to decipher who constitutes as White American, Black American, and most importantly to this paper, Creole American. The underlying questions of this paper are therefore, "Where do Creole Americans fit into this picture? With whom did Creole Americans identify themselves with?" And finally the purpose of this paper is to educate others about Creoles and their wonderfully rich heritage. From the colonial days of New Orleans to the present time, a unique group of people has contributed to the most diverse state in America. They were the "Gens de Couleur Libres", the Free People of Color. Today, commonly known as "Creoles" or "Creoles of Color", their descendants live in all parts of the country. Some have kept the language and culture bestowed upon them by their ancestors; while some have lost this heritage to a more "American" way of life. The fact is that this country is divided into two separate sectors, white and black, and all other divisions come separate. Just who then were these Creole people that added so very much to Louisiana culture? There were four types of ancestry in New Orleans: Europeans, Indians, Negroes, and half bloods born of French Fathers or European Mothers who were called Creole s (Dominquez, 1986.) Creoles are among a rich cultural heritage of people. But there was little consensus as to what legally constituted as Creole. In State ex. Cousin v. Louisiana State Board of Health, the Louisiana State Court of Appeals was forced to examine the meaning of C...

A Strategic Empty Container Logistics Optimization Essay

A Strategic Empty Container Logistics Optimization - Essay Example Therefore, they get limited in other regions that export more than they import. The other problem is that it is unknown when demand will rise for containers and return date for containers is uncertain. Also, Epstein et al., says that capacity for ships returning empty containers is not known, and a lot of information needs to be processed hence at times delay decision making that would help decrease stocks of empty containers. Another problem is of ensuring communication of interrelated decisions around all countries that CSAV operates; this was to ensure making decisions at a worldwide level to get rid of empty container challenge. Alternative Solutions to the Empty Container Problem. Different shipping companies have come up with solutions to overcome the problem of empty containers by use of advanced technologies. Among the technologies is the use of foldable containers. Taking containers to nearby ports with equipment necessary to fold the containers follows emptying them. The co ntainers on folding are space-saving hence can be shipped back to where they came from so that they can be used in moving more goods to other various destinations instead of staying where they had been taken waiting when they will be used to ship goods, which may never happen. It is clear that some regions are high importers but export fewer goods hence the containers may never leave that region. Therefore, incurrence of storage costs and lowering efficient in regions the containers are in need by customers.

PESTEL and Porter Five Forces Analysis for the Metro Bank Essay

PESTEL and Porter Five Forces Analysis for the Metro Bank - Essay Example PESTEL and Porter Five Forces Analysis for the Metro Bank The topic of the present essay is Metro Bank PLC - a retail bank operating in the United Kingdom. It outlines the basic forces which are favorable to the banking industry in general and to Metro Bank specifically. Among such Legal, Technological, Socio-cultural, Economic and Political forces are discussed. The second part of the paper presents the PESTEL analysis of the bank in question. The threat of new entrants, power of customers, competition in the industry, power of suppliers and threat of substitutes are analyzed. The improved economic performance of the UK’s economy after the 2008 to 2010 economic recession has given businesses including banks a new lease of the life as the economic situation are favorable meaning that there is high likelihood of generating substantial amounts of profits. Yet, it must be understood that this recovery is limited and might take over a decade in order to come to a complete level of fruition. By much the same token, the nascent recovery itself could be called into question by even a simple market fluctuation in the very near future. Socio-cultural force According to Chrystal and Mizen (2006), UK is a host to some of the oldest and world-renowned banks, which means that the culture of banking pre-exists amongst the British people and therefore, Metro Bank is likely to perform well since this force favors its business. As has previously been specified, the level and extent to which trust is exhibited in the system has a profound level of sociocultural importance. Due to the impact of the lost trust associated with the bailouts that took place several years ago, a significantly reduced level of consumer confidence exist with regards to the banking industry and any further action that might seek to revive this lost trust can severely impair the manner through which such a service would be offered. Technological forces The UK as a country is largely driven by technology and the banking industry has greatly embraced information technology meaning that for Metro Bank to compete effectively it has to integrate IT within its business processes (Chrystal and Mizen, 2006). Technological forces that could be evidenced have to do with the fact of the rapid technological change that the sweeping each and every industry in the market. In such a way, the technological threat could be with respect to an entirely new platform or paradigm shift with regards to the banking industry and the inability of the entity in question to rapidly integrate with this paradigm shift and provide services to the consumer base accordingly. However, by the same token, if the service provider/bank is able to integrate with a new level of technology in an efficient manner prior to the competition, this could provide a noted benefit and exponentially increase the level of service provision that it could accomplish. Legal forces After the 2008 to 2010, Chrystal and Mizen (2006) stated that legal regulations in the UK’s banking industry have increased drastically but since Metro Bank was issued with a license it means that it was able to abide by the laid down legal requirements. Of all of the information that is thus far been engaged, the legal threats, strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities that exist for a given banking entity are perhaps the most important. Due to the fact that a simple law for an enti re combination of laws in the form of parliamentary legislation could adversely impact the way in which profitability, this potential for change is the most impactful of all of the others which have been discussed. Analysis of

Pinnacle Airlines Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Pinnacle Airlines - Research Paper Example A brief history of Pinnacle Airlines would be useful. As mentioned earlier, it was founded in 1985, and was initially named Express Airways I. By the next year, the airline had increased its fleet to 27 Saab turboprops, and had signed a partnership with Northwest Airlines and thus carrying its passengers too (Pinnacle Airlines Corp, n.d). By 1997, Northwest Airlines purchased Express Airways I, and the new CEO set about to retrain Express Airways I’s employees (Pinnacle Airlines Corp, n.d). Throughout this period, Express Airways I had been using turboprops, and only in 2000 did it shift to using small jets when it purchased a Canadair Regional Jet (Pinnacle Airlines Corp, n.d). These CRJs are beneficial in the sense that they are smaller in size than the Saab turboprops that Express Airway I was using, and offered satisfactory â€Å"jet speed, economy and comfort,† and could â€Å"serve cities that cant support the big jets,† (Warren, 1995). In 2002, Express Air ways I changed its named to Pinnacle Airlines, and embarked on a project to change everything about the airline’s public image, culture and so on (Pinnacle Airlines Corp, n.d). By 2004, Pinnacle Airlines was making revenues of more than $630 million, had more than a thousand pilots, and a hundred CRJs; it was also recognized as one of fastest growing regional airline in the US (Pinnacle Airlines Corp, n.d). Additionally, in 2003, Pinnacle Airlines was â€Å"incorporated as a Delaware corporation,† and by 2010 it came to control Mesaba, Pinnacle and Colgan airlines (Pinnacle Airlines Corp 10k, 2010). Pinnacle also signed capacity purchase agreements with Delta, and provided flights to Delta’s main airports in New York City, Atlanta and so on, and by 2010 it was using 126 CRJs to be used as â€Å"connection carriers,† to numerous states in the US as well as cities in Mexico and Canada (Pinnacle Airlines

Alladin Essay Example for Free

Alladin Essay I enjoy going to the movies. My experience with movies began when my mom and dad first took me to watch Alladin(1992) a Disney feature film. I remember the long line of kids with their parents queuing up for popcorn and soda right before entering the darkened theater. If there was one word to describe how I felt and must have looked while watching what seemed to me giant cartoon characters dancing and singing on the big screen, I am guessing it would be spellbound. Nowadays, my affinity with the movies remains. To me theres nothing better than settling down with popcorn, a soda, and perhaps a slice of pizza and maybe some candy while waiting for the movie to start. For anywhere between $7. 00-$9. 50, I can spend about a couple of hours eating while losing myself in the story that I have stood in line for to watch. Theres nothing else for me to do but sit back, relax and enjoy the program†¦Or at least thats whats supposed to happen. Like most adult relationships, my relationship with the movies has come to be of a love/hate nature. While I still enjoy the films, often I find my reverie and trip to a state of mental suspension interrupted by the most unbelievable and dismaying things. For example, comedies are a favorite of mine. Whether through slapstick or the more sophisticated and witty comedies, I enjoy a good joke as much as the next person does. Unfortunately, when that next persons version of a laugh is loud and unrestrained and mixed with comments of Boy I sure didnt see that coming! that persists even after the funny part is through, it can rather put a crimp on my personal enjoyment. Date movies arent much better either. It can get rather difficult to distinguish whether the sounds Im hearing are coming from the film or from the row behind me. Ive noticed that in particularly mushy scenes, it is not unusual to hear sotto voce whispers of sweet nothings among the courting couples and giggling among the teenaged girls in the audience every time the lead characters would kiss . It can also be rather irritating when, in the middle of a rather climactic scene, some person s mobile phone would just go off ringing. Only three things can possibly happen then. One, the ringing is suddenly silenced by the apologetic offender hitting either the reject or off button. Two, ringing phone will be answered and Ill call you back will be quickly whispered. Three, offender will let the phone play out the whole of his ring tone too mortified to admit ownership of the ringing phone and practically ruining two minutes o or more of the film for the rest of the audience. Of course I havent even mentioned this very select group of people who just cant not take the call †¦ It can be unbelievable how important some people seem to think they are that they forget that they are intruding on the rights of others. And then there are also these people who seem to think that it is their sworn duty and obligation to provide a running commentary of the films story. For some reason, some people who have seen the film before and have gone to watch the movie again with friends feel obligated to assure their companions Dont worry. The bomb wont explode. Just you wait and so-and-so hero will arrive in just a few seconds. After which they proceed to detail how the hero or heroine will save the day. It can get rather tempting to just turn around and admonish them for this. If its not the plot spoilers, there are people who just cant keep their emotions to themselves. I remember one time when I was sitting watching the film Constantine (2005) and heard several screams of the word Run or Hide! in about five different languages from the audience. If I ever needed proof of how culturally diverse America has become, well there it was. Dont get me wrong though. Despite all these, my enjoyment of the silver screen remains. While I admit that there were a few times when I cheated and just opted for a quiet night at home with some select DVDs and some snacks on my sofa, I still go back to the movie theater. I suppose it can be viewed as a quirk of mine but I do miss the battle of wills I get into with my next-seat neighbor on who claims rights to the armrest separating our seats. I miss the stand off that takes place between myself and the guy behind me after I ask him to please take his foot off my seat back. All these things do not diminish my excitement of seeing the anticipation and enjoyment shared on the audiences faces including my own as the movie starts its magic with the flashing of its beginning credits. Most of all, I look forward to the many and various reactions among the audience as the final credits roll on the screen and the house lights come on. It’s sad that some people cant seem to fully appreciate the movie-going experience and treat it along with its audience with the respect they deserve. For me, despite the not so nice experiences in the movie house, the magic and excitement of going to the movies still exist. Our relationship endures and remains strong.

Golden Demon :: essays research papers

The Golden Demon (Response) Golden Demon (Konjiki-yasha) is the most important work of Koyo Ozaki, who was a pionner in modern Japanese literature. Since its publication in the form of a serial story in a daily newspaper, the novel has commanded high opinions, and many films and plays have been made of it. The â€Å"Golden Demon† synopsis is about a penniless drifter loses the woman he loves when her parents arrange her marriage to a rich playboy. Filled with bitterness and despair, the young man devotes his life to acquiring great wealth, which gradually turns him into a ruthless money lender. In brief, Omiya has a fiancà © whose name is Kwanichi. They love each other; however, she is loved by a capitalist, and her parents hope her to marriage Tomiyama. And Omiya also was dazzled by his wealth and married him. The story is talked Kwanichi’s grudge against her and Omiya’s regret about her marriage calmly, plus, it has been continued for six years. The poor girl, Omiya, couldn’t even die because of her regret feeling. She was still a old-fashioned girl who believed one’s fortune, and Kwanichi was simple-minded guy who become a leech because he was far beneath Mr. Tomiyama in wealth. However kwanichi was not really hero because he was deprived of his fiancà © and did not try to take her back. In Golden Demon, it lively depicts the live of people struggling and surviving powerfully despite being tossed about by the quickly changing waves of modern society. At the same time, the movie focuses on â€Å"love and money†, which we can safely say are universal themes for all human beings. The narrative is very â€Å"pre-modern† if â€Å"the modern† means the sense of self as unique, organic subjectivity. Since the narrative oscillates between that of and omniscient third person and emotional soliloquies by Kwanichi, Tomiyama, and especially Omiya, the reader can not see any trace of the boundary between the self and not-self. The narrator is, in this sense, nobody, who is floating in interstices of characters. This was not unusual at all before the modernist period, but it is interesting that object people’s voices restores the pre-modern type narrative in to the modern period. Does this mean that the social objects have no voice to be represented in modern narrative? Furthermore, in terms of its truth value in reality and self, for example, the value of realist narrative and confessional narrative, it was quite new and the first to openly mimic Zolaist naturalism.